The viva-voce examination is the final representation of your research degree that defines your thesis documentation. PhD Research Plan PhD Research plan should be approximately pages. At Tutors India we help to develop the research plan that would consists of research task, content oriented framework, time frame and scope of research work question at the outset. Where do I start? Strategies for Research: The foregoing has tried to identify markers of good research projects, questions you should be asking yourself as you proceed in your thesis work. But there are also more pragmatic questions about how to identify good research projects, how to spend your time, etc Mar 06, · If you have completed your research and found that you answered a different question (not that uncommon), make sure your original aims are still valid. If they aren’t, refine them. If you struggle to explain in simple terms what your research is about and why it matters, you may need to refine your aims and objectives to make them more concise
Doctor of Philosophy - Wikipedia
A Doctor of Philosophy PhDPhd thesis research question. PhDs are awarded for programs across phd thesis research question whole breadth of academic fields. Because it is an earned research degree, those studying for a PhD are required to produce original research that expands the boundaries of knowledge, normally in the form of a thesis or dissertation, and defend their work against experts in the field.
The completion of a PhD is often a requirement for employment as a university professorresearcherphd thesis research question, or scientist in many fields, phd thesis research question. Those who teach at universities or work in academic, educational, or research fields are usually addressed by this title "professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation.
It is, however, considered incorrect to use both the title and post-nominals at the same time. The specific requirements to earn a PhD degree vary considerably according to the country, institution, and time period, from entry-level research degrees to higher doctorates.
A student attaining this level may be granted a Candidate of Philosophy degree at some institutions or may be granted a master's degree en route to the doctoral degree. Sometimes this status is also colloquially known as "PhD ABD," meaning " All But Dissertation.
A PhD candidate must submit a project, thesis, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original academic research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
Universities sometimes award other types of doctorate besides the PhD, such as the Doctor of Musical Arts D. for music performers, Doctor of Juridical Science S. for legal scholars and the Doctor of Education Ed.
for studies in education. In the European Universities Association defined the "Salzburg Principles," 10 basic principles for third-cycle degrees doctorates within the Bologna Process. In some countries like China and Japana recipient of doctorate in disciplines such as engineering and pharmacy where professional degrees for example, EngD and PharmD are usually awarded in the western countries, is called a PhD regardless.
It is not uncommon that the person's title or diploma be translated into English as PhD in that discipline. In the context of the Doctor of Philosophy and other similarly titled degrees, phd thesis research question, the term "philosophy" does not refer to the field or academic discipline of philosophybut is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is "love of wisdom.
The degree is abbreviated PhD sometimes Ph, phd thesis research question. In the universities of Medieval Europestudy was organized in four faculties: the basic faculty of arts, and the three higher faculties of theology, medicine, and law canon law and civil law. Phd thesis research question of these faculties awarded intermediate degrees bachelor of arts, of theology, of laws, of medicine and final degrees.
The doctorates in the higher faculties were quite different from the current PhD degree in that they were phd thesis research question for advanced scholarship, phd thesis research question, not original research. No dissertation or original work was required, only lengthy residency requirements and examinations, phd thesis research question. Besides these degrees, there was the licentiate.
Originally this was a license to teach, awarded shortly before the award of the master's or doctoral degree by the diocese in which the university was located, but later it evolved into an academic degree in its own right, in particular in the continental universities. According to Keith Allan Noblethe first phd thesis research question degree was awarded in medieval Paris around There were no PhDs in Germany before the s when they gradually started replacing the MA as the highest academic degree; arguably, one of the phd thesis research question German PhD holders is Erhard Weigel Dr.
In theory, the full course of phd thesis research question might, for example, lead in succession to the degrees of Bachelor of ArtsLicentiate of ArtsMaster of Artsor Bachelor of MedicineLicentiate of Medicine, or Doctor of Medicinebut before the early modern era, many exceptions to this existed.
Most students left the university without becoming masters of arts, whereas regulars members of monastic orders could skip the arts faculty entirely. This situation changed in the early 19th century through the educational reforms in Germany, most strongly embodied in the model of the University of Berlinfounded and controlled by the Prussian government in The arts faculty, which in Germany was labelled the faculty of philosophy, started demanding contributions to research, [21] attested by a dissertation, for the award of their final degree, which was labelled Doctor of Philosophy abbreviated as Ph.
Whereas in the Middle Ages the arts faculty had a set curriculum, based upon the trivium and the quadriviumby the 19th century it had come to house all the courses of study in subjects now commonly referred to as sciences and humanities.
These reforms proved extremely successful, and fairly quickly the German universities started attracting foreign students, notably from the United States, phd thesis research question. The American students would go to Germany to obtain a PhD after having studied for a bachelor's degrees at an American college. So influential was this practice that it was imported to the United States, where in Yale University started granting the PhD degree to younger students who, after having obtained the bachelor's degree, had completed a prescribed course of graduate study and successfully defended a thesis or dissertation containing original research in science or in the humanities.
The PhD degree phd thesis research question similar awards spread across Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The degree was introduced in France inreplacing diplomas as the highest academic degree; into Russia inwhen the Doktor Nauk degree, roughly equivalent to a PhD, gradually started replacing the specialist diplomaphd thesis research question, roughly equivalent to the MA, as the highest academic degree; and in Italy inwhen PhDs gradually started replacing the Laurea as the highest academic degree.
Research degrees first appeared in the UK in the late 19th century in the shape of the Doctor of Science DSc or ScD and other such "higher doctorates, phd thesis research question.
The first higher doctorate in the modern sense was Durham University 's DSc, phd thesis research question, introduced in These were, however, very advanced degrees, rather than research-training degrees at the PhD level— Harold Jeffreys said that getting a Cambridge ScD was "more or less equivalent to being proposed for the Royal Society. Finally, inthe current PhD degree was introduced, along the lines of the American and German model, and quickly became popular with both British and foreign students.
In the English but not the Scottish universities, the Faculty of Arts had become dominant by the early 19th century.
Indeed, the higher faculties had largely atrophied, since medical training had shifted to teaching hospitals, [29] the legal training for the common law system was provided by the Inns of Court with some minor exceptions, see Doctors' Commonsand few students undertook formal study in theology.
This contrasted with the situation in the continental European universities at the time, where the preparatory role of the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts was to a great extent taken over by secondary education: in modern France, the Baccalauréat is the examination taken at the end of secondary studies. The reforms at the Humboldt University transformed the Faculty of Philosophy or Arts and its more recent successors such as the Faculty of Sciences from a lower faculty into one on a par with the Faculties of Law and Medicine.
Similar developments occurred in many other continental European universities, and at least until reforms in the early 21st century, many European countries e, phd thesis research question. To this day, this is also still the case for the pontifical degrees in theology and canon law; for instance, in sacred theologythe degrees are Bachelor of Sacred Theology STBLicentiate of Sacred Theology STLand Doctor of Sacred Theology STDand in canon law : Bachelor of Canon Law JCBLicentiate of Canon Phd thesis research question JCLand Doctor of Canon Law JCD.
Until the midth century, advanced degrees were not a criterion for professorships at most colleges. That began to change as the more ambitious scholars at major schools went to Germany for 1 to 3 years to obtain a PhD in the sciences or humanities. InYale awarded the first three earned PhDs in North America to Eugene SchuylerArthur Williams Wrightand James Morris Whiton, [32] although honorary PhDs had been awarded in the US for almost a decade, with Bucknell University awarding the first to Ebenezer Newton Elliott in In the next two decades, New York University, the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard, and Princeton also began granting the degree.
Major shifts toward graduate education were foretold by the opening of Clark University in which offered only graduate programs and the Johns Hopkins University which focused on its PhD program.
By phd thesis research question s, Harvard, Columbia, phd thesis research question, Michigan and Wisconsin were building major graduate programs, whose alumni were hired by new research universities. ByPhDs were awarded annually, phd thesis research question, most of them by six universities. It was no longer necessary to study in Germany.
At the start of the 20th century, US universities were held in low regard internationally and many American students were still traveling phd thesis research question Europe for PhDs. The lack of centralised authority meant anyone could start a university and award PhDs. In Germany, the national government funded the universities and the research programs of the leading professors. It was impossible for professors who were not approved by Berlin to train graduate students. In the United States, by contrast, private universities and state universities alike were independent of the federal government.
Independence was high, phd thesis research question, but funding was low. The breakthrough came from private foundations, which began regularly supporting research in science and history; large corporations sometimes supported engineering programs. The postdoctoral fellowship was established by the Rockefeller Foundation in Meanwhile, the leading universities, in cooperation with the learned societies, set up a network of scholarly journals.
After World War II, state universities across the country expanded greatly in undergraduate enrollment, and eagerly added research programs leading to masters or doctorate degrees. Their graduate faculties had to have a suitable record of publication and research grants. Late in the 20th century, "publish or perish" became increasingly important in colleges and smaller universities.
Detailed requirements for the award of a PhD degree vary throughout the world and even from school to school. It is usually required for the student to hold an Honours degree or a Master's Degree with high academic standing, in order to be considered for a PhD program.
In other countries such as the UK there is generally no such condition, though this varies by university and field. In order to submit a successful PhD admission application, copies of academic transcripts, letters of recommendation, a research proposal, and a personal statement are often required. Most universities also invite for a special interview before admission. A candidate must submit a project, thesis, phd thesis research question, or dissertation often consisting of a body of original phd thesis research question research, which is in principle worthy of publication in a peer-reviewed context.
In many countries, a candidate must defend this work before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university; in other countries, the dissertation is examined by a panel of expert examiners who stipulate whether the dissertation is in principle passable and any issues that need to be addressed before the dissertation can be passed.
Some universities in the non- English -speaking world have begun adopting similar standards to those of the anglophone PhD degree for their research doctorates see the Bologna process. A PhD student or candidate is conventionally required to study on campus under close supervision. With the popularity of distance education and e-learning technologies, some universities now accept students enrolled into a distance education part-time mode. In a " sandwich PhD" program, PhD candidates do not spend their entire study period at the same university.
Instead, the PhD candidates spend the first and last periods of the program at their home universities and in between conduct research at another institution or field research.
A PhD confirmation is a preliminary presentation or lecture that a PhD candidate presents to faculty and possibly other interested members. The confirmation lecture can be seen as a trial run for the final public defense, though faculty members at this stage can still largely influence the direction of the research.
At the end of the lecture, the PhD candidate can be phd thesis research question as "confirmed" — faculty members give their approval and trust that the study is well directed and will with high probability result in the candidate being successful. In the United States, this is generally called advancing to Candidacy, the confirmation event being called the Candidacy Examination. A career in academia generally requires a PhD, though, in some countries, it is possible to reach relatively high positions without a doctorate.
In North America, professors are increasingly being required to have a PhD, and the percentage of faculty with a PhD may be used as a university ratings measure. The motivation phd thesis research question also include increased salarybut in many cases, this is not the result. Research by Bernard H. Casey of the University of Warwick, U. While this is a small return to the individual or even an overall deficit when tuition and lost earnings during training are accounted forhe claims there are significant benefits to society for the phd thesis research question research training.
PhD students may need to take on debt to undertake their degree. A PhD is also required in some positions outside academia, such as research jobs in major international agencies. In some cases, the Executive Directors of some types of foundations may be expected to hold a PhD [ citation needed ].
A PhD is sometimes felt to be a necessary qualification in certain areas of employment, such as in foreign policy think-tanks: U. News wrote in that "[i]f having a master's degree at the minimum is de rigueur in Washington's foreign policy world, it is no wonder many are starting to feel that the PhD is a necessary escalation, another case of costly signaling to potential employers.
The Economist published an article in citing various criticisms against the state of PhDs. These included a prediction by economist Richard B. According to the article, only the fastest developing countries e. China or Brazil have a shortage of PhDs. The US higher education system often offers little incentive to move students through PhD programs quickly and may even provide incentive to slow them down.
Writing your dissertation: What is a Research Question?
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The viva-voce examination is the final representation of your research degree that defines your thesis documentation. PhD Research Plan PhD Research plan should be approximately pages. At Tutors India we help to develop the research plan that would consists of research task, content oriented framework, time frame and scope of research work May 22, · "not mandatory to have the stuff written in the thesis published" - in particular, all the stuff. In fact, at my university it is mandatory to publish some parts of your research before writing your doctoral thesis, but at the same time, it is also mandatory that the doctoral thesis contains more than just the sum of all previous publications However, from the analysis of over PhD theses, the average thesis length is between 80, and , words. A further analysis of PhD thesis shows the average number of pages to be In reality, the actual word count for each PhD thesis will depend on the specific subject and the university it is being hosted by
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