Lhasa Tibetan (Tibetan: ལྷ་སའི་སྐད་, Wylie: Lha-sa'i skad, THL: Lhaséké, ZYPY: Lasägä) is the dialect spoken by educated Lhasa people. It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.. In the traditional "three-branched" classification of Tibetic languages, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the Central Tibetan branch (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Amdo Sep 23, · Manzardo, Andrew E. "To Be Kings of the North: Community, Adaptation, and Impression Management in the Thakali of Western Nepal." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Messerschmidt, Donald A. "The Thakali of Nepal: Historical Continuity and Socio-Cultural Change." Ethnohistory 29 (4): –, Newar (/ n ɪ ˈ w ɑːr /; Newar: नेवार, endonym: Newa; Newar: नेवा, Pracalit script: ����������) or Nepami, are the historical inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and civilisation. Newars form a linguistic and cultural community of primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities
Newar people - Wikipedia
The Kathmandu Valley and surrounding territories constituted the former Newar kingdom of the Nepal Mandala. Indo-Aryan tribes like the LicchavisKosalaand Mallas N from respective Indian Mahajanapada i. Licchavis of VajjiKosalaand Malla I that arrived at different periods eventually merged with the local population by adopting their language and customs.
These tribes however retained their Vedic culture and brought with them their Sanskritic languages, social structure and Hindu religion, which was assimilated with local cultures and gave rise to the current Newar civilisation. The terms "Nepāl", "Newār", "Newāl" and "Nepār" are phonetically different forms of the same word, and instances of the various forms appear in texts in different times in history. Nepal is the learned Sanskrit form and Newar is the colloquial Prakrit form.
The term "Newar" or "Newa:" referring to "inhabitant of Nepal" appeared for the first time in an inscription dated in Kathmandu.
As a result of the phonological process of dropping the last consonant and lengthening the vowel, "Newā" for Newār or Newāl, and "Nepā" for Nepāl are used in ordinary speech.
For about a thousand years, the Newar civilization in Central Nepal preserved a microcosm of classical North Indian culture in which Brahmanic and Buddhist elements enjoyed equal status.
The Malla dynasty was noted for their patronisation of the Maithili language the language of the Mithila region which was afforded an equal status to that of Sanskrit in the Malla court. The different divisions of Newars had different historical developments.
The common identity of Newar was formed in the Kathmandu Valley. Until the conquest of the valley by the Gorkha Kingdom in[28] all the people who had inhabited the valley at any point of time were either Newar or progenitors of Newar. So, the history of Newar correlates to the history of the Kathmandu Valley or Nepala Mandala prior to the establishment of the modern state of Nepal, dissertation on thakali.
The earliest known history of Newar and the Kathmandu Valley blends with mythology recorded in historical chronicles. One such text, which recounts the creation of the valley, is the Swayambhu Purana. According to this Buddhist scripture, the Kathmandu Valley was a giant lake until the Bodhisattva Manjusriwith the aid of a holy sword, cut a gap in the surrounding hills and let the water out.
According to the Swayambhu PuranaManjusri then established a city called Manjupattan Sanskrit "Land Established by Manjusri"now called Manjipā, dissertation on thakali, and made Dharmākara its king. No historical documents have been found after this era till the advent of the Gopal era, dissertation on thakali. A genealogy of kings is recorded in a chronicle called Gopalarajavamsavali.
Some claim Buddha to have visited Nepal during the reign of Kirat King Jitedasti. Prior to the Dissertation on thakali conquest, which began with the Battle of Kirtipur inthe borders of Nepal Mandala extended to Tibet in the north, the nation of the Kirata in the east, the kingdom of Makwanpur in the south [35] and the Trishuli River in the west which separated it from the kingdom of Gorkha. Trade, industry and dissertation on thakali have been the mainstay of the economy of the Newars.
They are made up of social groups associated with hereditary professions that provide ritual and economic services. Merchants, craftsmen, dissertation on thakali, artists, potters, weavers, dyers, farmers and other dissertation on thakali all played their part in creating a flourishing economic system. Elaborate cultural traditions which required the use of varied objects and services also fueled the economy.
Towns and dissertation on thakali in the Kathmandu Valley specialized in producing particular products, dissertation on thakali, and rich agriculture produced a surplus for export, dissertation on thakali. For centuries, Newar merchants have handled trade between Tibet and India as well as exporting locally manufactured products to Tibet.
Rice was another major export. Porters and pack mules transported merchandise over mountain tracks that formed the old trade routes. Since the 18th century, Newars have spread out across Nepal and established trading towns dotting the mid hills. They are known as jewelry makers and shopkeepers. Today, they are engaged in modern industry, business and service sectors. Newars forms an ethnolinguistic community distinct from all the other ethnic groups of Nepal, dissertation on thakali.
Newars are divided into various endogamous clans dissertation on thakali groups on the basis of their ancient hereditary occupations, deriving its roots in the classic late- Vedic Varna model. Although first introduced in the time of the Licchavisthe present Newar caste system assumed its present shape during the medieval Malla period. According to the Nepal Census, Out of the three main cities of the Kathmandu Valley which are historically Dissertation on thakali, the city of Patan is the most Buddhist containing the four stupas built by Indian emperor Ashoka.
Bhaktapur is primarily Hindu, while Kathmandu is a mix of both, dissertation on thakali. Generally, both Hindu and Buddhist deities are worshiped and festivals are celebrated by both religious groups. However, for ritual activities, Hindu and Buddhist Newars have their own priests Rajopadhyaya Brahmins for Hindus and Vajracharyas for Buddhists and varying amounts of cultural differences.
Religiously, the majority of Newars can be dissertation on thakali as both Hindu and Buddhist. The major cults are Vajrayana Buddhism and Tantric Hinduism, dissertation on thakali.
The former is referred to as Buddhamarga, the latter as Sivamarga. Both creeds have been established since antiquity in the valley.
Both Buddhamargi and Sivamargi Newars are Tantricists, Within the Newar community, many different esoteric Tantric cults of Buddhist, Shaiva, and Vaishnava denominationd are practiced. The most important shrines in the Valley are Swayambhunath Buddhist and Pashupatinath Hindu. Different castes worship different deities at different occasions, and more or less intensively.
Only the higher echelons in the caste system claim to be exclusively Dissertation on thakali or Hindu. The VajracharyasBuddhist priests, will adamantly maintain that they are Buddhists, and so will the Bare Shakya and the Uray Tuladhars, et al. Further down in the caste hierarchy no distinction is made between Buddhists and Hindus. Hindu and Buddhist alike always worship Ganesh first in every ritual, and every locality has its local Ganesh shrine Ganesh Than.
Although Newar Buddhism Vajrayana had been dissertation on thakali practiced in the Kathmandu Valley, [43] Theravada Buddhism made a comeback in Nepal in the s and now is a common form of Buddhism among Buddhamargi Newars. From the 17th century onwards, Catholic Christian missionaries of the Jesuit and Capuchin religious orders "established hospices at Kathmandu, Patan and Bhatgoan, the capitals of the three Malla Kings of Nepal who had permitted them to preach Christianity.
Newars are bound together by a common language and culture. Nepal Bhasa is the term recognised by the government. Nepal Bhasa already existed as a spoken language during the Licchavi period and is believed to have developed from the language spoken in Nepal during the Kirati period.
Inthere were approximatelydissertation on thakali, native speakers of Nepal Bhasa. Nepal Bhasa script is a group of scripts that developed from the Brahmi script and are used primarily to write Nepal Bhasa and Sanskrit. Among the different scripts, Ranjana, Bhujinmol, and Prachalit are the most common. Nepal script is also known as Nepal Lipi and Nepal Akhala.
Nepal Bhasa scripts appeared in the 10th century. For a thousand years, it was used on stone and copper plate inscriptions, coins Nepalese moharpalm-leaf documents and Hindu and Buddhist manuscripts. Devanagari began to be used to write Nepal Bhasa dissertation on thakali the beginning of the 20th century, and Nepal script has limited usage today. Nepal Bhasa is one of the five languages in the Sino-Tibetan family with an ancient literary tradition.
Literature in Nepal Bhasa began as translation and commentary in prose in the 14th century AD, dissertation on thakali. Classical Nepal Bhasa literature is represented by all the three major genres—prose, poetry, and drama. Most of the writings consist dissertation on thakali prose including chronicles, popular stories and scientific manuals. Poetry consists of love songs, ballads, work songs, and religious poetry. The earliest poems date from the s.
Epic poetry describing historical events and tragedies are very popular. The ballads Sitala Majuabout the expulsion of children from Kathmandu, dissertation on thakali, Siluabout an ill-fated pilgrimage to Gosaikundaand Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduniabout a luckless Tibet trader, are sung as seasonal songs, dissertation on thakali.
The dramas are based on stories from the epics, and almost all of them were written during the 17th and 18th centuries. The period — is known as the Nepal Bhasa renaissance period when writers defied official censure and braved imprisonment to create literary works. Modern Nepal Bhasa literature began in the s with the emergence of new genres like short stories, poems, essays, novels and plays.
Newa Autonomous State is a proposed federal state of Nepal which establishes the historical native homeland of Newa people as a federal state. The Newa Autonomous State mandates to reconstruct the district division and create an autonomous Newa province.
It includes historically Newa residing settlements and Newa dominant zones of KathmanduBhaktapurLalitpurNewa towns of DolakhaNewa settlements of NuwakotNewa settlements of MakwanpurNewa settlements of RamechhapNewa settlements of SindupalchokNewa settlements of Kavre West.
The Newar dance consists of sacred masked dance, [65] religious dance without the use of masks known as Dyah Pyakhan, dance performed as part of a ritual and meditation practice known as Chachaa Pyakhan Newar : चचा प्याखं Charya Nritya in Sanskrit [66] and folk dance.
There are also masked dance dramas known as Daboo Pyakhan which enact religious stories to the accompaniment of music. Traditional Newa music consists of sacred music, dissertation on thakali, devotional songs, seasonal songs, ballads and folk songs. The ballad describes the expulsion of children from Kathmandu in the early 19th century. Another seasonal song Silu is about a pilgrimage to Gosaikunda that went wrong. Ji Waya La Lachhi Maduni is a tragedy song about a newly married couple.
The ballad Rajamati about unlucky lovers is widely popular. Inmaestro Seturam Shrestha made the first recording of the song on gramophone disc in Kolkata. Common percussion instruments consist of the dhimay, [68] khin, naykhin and dhaa. Wind instruments dissertation on thakali the bansuri flutepayntah long trumpet and mwahali short trumpetchhusya, bhusya, taa cymbalsdissertation on thakali, and gongs are other popular instruments. String instruments are very rare.
Newa people call their music Dhime Baja. The musical style and musical instruments are still in use today. Musical bands dissertation on thakali religious processions in which an idol of a deity is placed in a chariot or portable shrine and taken around the city.
Devotional songs are known as bhajan may be sung daily in community houses. Hymn societies like Gyanmala Bhajan Khala hold regular recitals. Dapa songs are sung during hymn singing seasons at Temple squares and sacred courtyards. Gunla Bajan musical bands parade through the streets during Gunla, the 10th month of the Nepal Sambat calendar which is a holy month for Newar Buddhists. Seasonal songs and ballads are associated with particular seasons and festivals.
Music is also played dissertation on thakali wedding processions, life-cycle ceremonies and funeral processions. The Newars are the creators of most examples of art and architecture in Nepal.
10 tips for writing your dissertation - ThatQuirkyGirl
, time: 4:20Culture of Nepal - history, people, clothing, traditions, women, beliefs, food, customs, family
Lhasa Tibetan (Tibetan: ལྷ་སའི་སྐད་, Wylie: Lha-sa'i skad, THL: Lhaséké, ZYPY: Lasägä) is the dialect spoken by educated Lhasa people. It is an official language of the Tibet Autonomous Region.. In the traditional "three-branched" classification of Tibetic languages, the Lhasa dialect belongs to the Central Tibetan branch (the other two being Khams Tibetan and Amdo Sep 23, · Manzardo, Andrew E. "To Be Kings of the North: Community, Adaptation, and Impression Management in the Thakali of Western Nepal." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Wisconsin, Madison, Messerschmidt, Donald A. "The Thakali of Nepal: Historical Continuity and Socio-Cultural Change." Ethnohistory 29 (4): –, Newar (/ n ɪ ˈ w ɑːr /; Newar: नेवार, endonym: Newa; Newar: नेवा, Pracalit script: ����������) or Nepami, are the historical inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley and its surrounding areas in Nepal and the creators of its historic heritage and civilisation. Newars form a linguistic and cultural community of primarily Indo-Aryan and Tibeto-Burman ethnicities
No comments:
Post a Comment